Slovio 1.4

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Here is Slovio version 1.4
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We thank all visitors for their constructive suggestions.

BASIC GRAMMAR, SLOVIO 1.4:

The vocabulary of Slovio is based on that of the largest European language group, and includes many internationally known words from Latin, English, French, German, Spanish etc. Because Slovio is based mainly on mutually intelligible Slavic languages, as soon as one learns Slovio it should be possible to communicate with over 400 million people around the world, and especially in such countries as: Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia, Slovenia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Moldavia, etc.

Words of particular types are in most cases indicated by their endings (suffixes), and this makes it easy to see the structure of sentences. The root of each word is never varied. Most words have special endings, other words (nouns, some verb forms, prepositions, conjunctions and some adverbs) do not have any special suffixes.

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.
Explanation: the vowels or consonants in parentheses are optional and are used only to facilitate pronunciation. Their use (or not use) depends on the root to which they are attached. Generally, the optional vowels/consonants are used in such a way so we wouldn't have two vowels or two consonants following each other. Example: if the root ends with a consonant, then a consonant at the beginning of a suffix can be omitted; if the root ends with a vowel, then a vowel at the beginning of a suffix can be omitted. The optional vowel and consonant most frequently used are:  "e" and "n".

NOUNS and WORD ORDER:
Nouns: don't have any special endings, don't have any inclinations, have always the same form. Exceptions: singular-plural, and subject-object.
-(i)s.= PLURAL. Plural nouns ending in a vowel are formed by adding -s. Plural nouns ending in a consonant are formed by adding -is. Examples: okno (window), oknos (windows); dom (house), domis (houses). (Only nouns have a plural form. Adjectives don't have a any.)
Word order: The adjective can be before or after the noun, but unlike in English, it has to have the adjective ending -ya. "Dobrya mlodec". or "Mlodec dobrya."
Subject-Object: Normally the subject comes before the object. If we want to reverse the order we must denote the subject with suffix "-(u)m" which is added to the subject in cases where it is necessary to make clear which noun is the subject. "Mlodec lubil mlodica." (Boy loved a girl). Or:  "Mlodicam lubil mlodec." Both sentences have the same meaning only the subject/object order are reversed. As shown here, to make the meaning clear, we use the ending -(u)m. In plural, the ending -(u)m becomes -(i)ms. If the word order is "normal" (subject before object) then no changes, no suffixes are necessary.

ADJECTIVES:
Word order: The adjective can be before or after the noun, but unlike in English, it has to have the adjective ending -ya. "Dobrya mlodec". or "Mlodec dobrya."
-(n)ya = ADJECTIVES. Examples: dobrya = good; velya = big;  silaya = strong. As in English, adjectives do not change their form. They may be placed either before (as is usual in English) or after (as is usual in Spanish) the noun which they qualify. For example, zelonya trava (green grass) or trava zelonya, velya dom (big house) or dom velya. Adjectives don't have a plural form.
-(e)na = ADJECTIVES2.
-(e)ska = ADJECTIVES3.
-(e)lskya = ADJECTIVES4.
-(e)vskya = ADJECTIVES5.
-yelska = ADJECTIVES6.
(Your suggestions when/where to use which adjective form are welcome.)
COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES: Comparatives and superlatives are made using the words plus, minus, maxim and minim. For example: plus velya = bigger, and minus velya = less big, maxim velya = the biggest, minim razumya = the least wise, mlodya = young, plus mlodya = yonger, maxim mlodya = the youngest. Opposites are formed with preposition bez-: dobrya = good, bezdobrya = bad, opasya = dangerous, bezopasya = safe, opasnost = danger, bezopasnost = safety, opasyo = dangerously, bezopasyo = safely.
-va = BELONG. The ending  means to belong. Example: Peterva automobil. / Peter's car. // Natasxava  cxai. / Natasha's tea.

ADVERBS:
-(n)yo = ADVERBS. Adverbs are formed by adding -(n)yo: dobryo = well; bistryo = quickly. From adjectives: replace -ya with -yo.

VERBS.
The verb roots can have various endings; they often (but not always) end with a vowel. The neutral is formed by adding -(e)t to the root. The future, present, the past and the conditional tenses can be formed with the use of help words: BU (will do, will be), YE (does, is), BIL (did, has done, was), BIBIL (would have done, would have been). The imperative form is created by ending the verb with   -te. More detailed discussion follows further in this section.
-(e)vat = VERB FORMATION. In some cases of verb formation from a noun to make the meaning clearer we add -(e)vat. Example: cxudo (wonder), cxudo-vat (admire, admire with awe).
-(e)nie = ACTION. The suffix -(e)nie means some action. videt (to see), videnie (seeing, vision). This is how we can derive nouns from verbs.
-(n)atya = Present passive participle. Example: drug (spouse), drug-atya (married).

SEX. (GENDER).
The words as such have no gender. They are all gender-neutral. Also the majority of words denoting living things, animals, plants etc are sex neutral. If we want to be specific that a certain living thing is of a male sex or of a female sex, or that it is a young offspring we use the endings: -ec (male), -ica (female), -incxa (young, offspring).
-(n)ica = FEMALE.
-(n)ec  = MALE.
-(n)incxa = OFFSPRING, YOUNG.
Examples: kot (cat, a general gender-free term), kot-ec (tom-cat), kot-ica (female cat), kot-incxa (kitten); lud (human, person), lud-ec (man), lud-ica (woman), lud-incxa (child), lud-is (people).

QUALITY.
bez- = OPPOSITE or the lack of a quality. Denotes the direct opposite. Examples: dobrya (good), bezdobrya (bad).
pre- = VERY. Example: Prekrasivya drugica. (Very beautiful girl.)
pra- = REMOTE. Denotes something very old (or very young) or a distant ancestor, distant age, distant descendant. Examples: otec (father), pra-otec (distant grandfather);
nai- = THE-MOST. Example: Naikrasivya drugica. (The most beautiful girl.)
mal- = SMALL.
vel- = BIG.
pol- = HALF. Semi, demi, mid-. Examples: pol-den (noon), pol-nocx (midnight).
pod- = VICE, UNDER. Denotes deputy, vice or a lower function. Example: "prezident", "podprezident" (vice president). It can also denote describe something that is lower. For example:
nad- = ABOVE, SUPERIOR.
-(n)ost =  QUALITY. Equivalent to English -ness. Examples: dobr-ya (good), dobr-ost (goodness), vel-ya (big), velnost (size), bistr-ya (fast), bistr-ost (speed).

THING.
-(n)ina = THING-MATERIAL. To denote a thing originating from certain material. Example:
-(e)lo = THING (usu from verb).  The suffix -(e)lo means a thing used for a specific purpose.
-(e)dlo = TOOL (usu from verb).  The suffix -(e)dlo means a tool used for a specific purpose.
-(e)tok = THING.  Examples: pit (to drink) na-pi-tok (a drink).
-(e)cxka = THING. Examples: side-t (to sit), side-cxka (a seat).

PERSON OR OCCUPATION.
-(e)nik = DOER. The ending , signifies a person who is doing something...
rob = work, robnik = worker,
-(n)ar = DOER. 
-(n)ikar = OCCUPATION. The ending , signifies a person who is doing something...
-(e)tel = OCCUPATION. Example: ucxi-t (teach), ucxi-tel (teacher).
-(n)itel = OCCUPATION.
-(n)ist = FOLLOWER. Example: komunizm (communism), komun-ist (communist).

PLACE.
-(e)lna = ROOM. The suffix -lna means a room used for a certain specific purpouse. So for example from the verb spa-t (to sleep) we get spa-lna (bedroom, sleeping room); and from the verb eda-t (to eat) we get eda-lna (dining room). Or from the word vana (bathtub) we get the word vana-lna (bathroom); umiva-t (wash), umiva-lna (washroom), zabava-t (entertain), zabava-lna (living room).

BEGINNING - END - COMPLETION.
za- = BEGINNING. Beginning of an action. ("on").
ot- = ENDING, REMOVAL. Ending of an action ("off"), or removal of something into the distance.
Examples: klucx (key), za-klucx-it (to lock), ot-klucx-it (unlock); viaza-t (to tie), za-viaza-t (to tie together), ot-viaza-t (to untie).
vi- = COMPLETION / OUT OF. The prefix vi- usually signifies an action that has been completed. But it is a prefix that can take on several different meanings. More exact deffinition will be discussed later.

OTHER PREFIXES.
e- = CLOSENESS. The prefix  denotes something very close. Tot = that, Etot = this.
pri- = ATTACHMENT. Prefix pri- means to make something close, to attach something. For examle viaza-t (to tie) and pri-viaza-t (tie onto something).
raz- = SEPARATION. Same as dis- ... 

UNDEFINED, UNIVERSAL PREFIXES.
po- = UNIVERSAL  prefix. This is a universal prefix which is used to create new words from existing roots. Example: zdrav-ya (healthy), po-zdrav (greeting).
u- = another universal  prefix.

OTHER SUFFIXES.
-(n)izm = MOVEMENT. Denotes a political or philosophical movement. (fasxizm, kapitalizm...)
Other Slavic prefixes und Suffixes will be discussed in a later version. Your suggestions and definitions are welcome.

QUESTIONS.
LI is the universal question word. A statement is changed to a question not by changing the word order, but simply by starting the sentence with "LI". (To turn any sentence into a question, simply add "LI" to the beginning of the sentence.)
Examples: On ye mlodya. / He is young. // Li on ye mlodya? / Is he young?
If a sentence contains a question word already, then we don't have to add "LI" to its beginning. Examples: Sxto ye etot? / What is it? // Gde ti ide? / Where are you going?

ARTICLES.
The definite article (in English "the") is "ta" as in ta zxena (the woman), and ta pcxelas (the bees). Unlike English and some other languages in Slovio there is no indefinite article.This is a  compromise between languages which have two articles, and those with none. The word "ta" is invariable, like English "the" but unlike the corresponding words in Italian, German, French and Spanish - which are variable. There is also no (grammatical) gender in Slovio, consequently no need to learn wheather a word is masculine or feminine.

SOME IMPORTANT WORDS:
BASIC: i (and), bo (because), ili (or), li (universal question word), ak (if), po (..at a time), o (about), pri (beside), no (but),
COLORS: cvet (color): belya (white), sinya (blue), cxervonya (red), sedya (grey), zxoltya (yellow), fioletya (violet), purpurya (purple), cxornya (black), kasxtanya (brown, chestnut),
OTHER WORDS: muzx (man), zxena (woman), mlodec (boy), mlodica (girl), drug (friend), drugec (boyfriend), drugica (girlfriend), drugatya (married), dete (child), ot (from), pol (half),

sekunda (second), minuta (minute), godzina (hour), den (day), tizxden (week), mesiac (month), rok (year), vrema (time), buvrema (future), yevrema (present), bilvrema (past),

Yanuar, Februar, Marec, April, Mai, Yuni, Yuli, August, September, Oktober, November, December

Solnce (sun), Luna (moon), Zemla (earth), Planeta (planet), Kozmos (universe),

Slovio version 1.4 is the fourth version released in the internet. It is being constantly improved and perfected. Your cooperation and suggestions are welcome. Please contact us at: info@slovio.com.

WORK IN PROGRESS!!
(we thank all for their constructive contributions)

1. Verb "BIT" / Verbe "BIT" / Tätigkeitswort "BIT"

Pronouns / Pronoms / Fürwörter
KTO ? / who? /qui? / wer
YA / I / je / ich
TI / you / tu / du
ON / he /il (mâle) / er
ONA / she / elle (femelle) / sie
ONO / it / il (chose) / es
MI / we /nous / wir
VI / you /vous / Sie, ihr
ONI / they /ils, elles / sie (Mehrz.)
SEBA / self / (.......-)même / selbst -

BIT Verbe "BIT" Tätigkeitswort "BIT"
Neutral / neutre / Grundform:
BIT  / be / être / sein

Buvrema / Future / Future / Zukunft:
YA BU / I will be / je serais / ich werde sein
TI BU / you will be / te serez / du wirst sein
ON BU / ge will be / il sera / er wird sein
ONA BU / she will be / elle sera / sie wird sein
ONO BU / it will be / ça ira (chose) / es wird sein
MI BU / we will be / nous serons / wir werden sein
VI BU / you will be / vous serez / Sie werden sein
ONI BU / they will be / ils seront / ihr werdet sein
/elles seront / sie werden sein

Yevrema / Present / présent / Gegenwart:
YA YE / I am / je suis / ich bin
TI YE / you are / vous êtes / Sie sind
ON YE / he is / il est / er ist
ONA YE / she is / elle est / sie ist
ONO YE / it is / il est (chose) / es ist
MI YE / we are / nous sommes / wir sind
VI YE / you are / vous êtes / Sie sind
ONI YE / they are / ils sont / sie sind

Bilvrema / Past / passé / Vergangenheit:
YA BIL / I was / j'étais / ich war
TI BIL / you were / vous étiez / Sie waren
ON BIL / he was / il était / er war
ONA BIL / she was / elle était / sie war
ONO BIL / it was / il était (chose) / es war
MI BIL / we were / nous étions / wir waren
VI BIL / you were / vous étiez / Sie waren
ONI BIL / they were / ils étaient / sie waren

Verbs.
All the verbs follow the form of "IDI". (exception: ES, MOZX).
Verbes.
Tous les verbes suivent les mêmes formes que "IDI". (sauf: ES, MOZX).
Tätigkeitswörter.
Alle Tätigkeitswörter werden gleich verwendet wie "IDI". (ausgenommen: ES, MOZX).

Neutre / Grundform:
IDI go / aller / gehen
LONG FORM / SHORT FORM
DOLGYA FORMA / KROTKYA FORMA

Buvrema / Future / future / Zukunft:
YA BU IDI / YA IDIB / I will go / j'irai / ich werde gehen
TI BU IDI / TI IDIB / you will go / tu iras / du wirdst gehen
ON BU IDI / ON IDIB / he will go / il ira / er wird gehen
ONA BU IDI / ONA IDIB / she will go / elle ira / sie wird gehen
ONO BU IDI / ONO IDIB / it will go / il ira (chose) / es wird gehen
MI BU IDI / MI IDIB / we will go / nous irons / wir werden gehen
VI BU IDI / VI IDIB / you will go / vous irez / ihr werden gehen
ONI BU IDI / ONI IDIB / they will go / ils iront / sie werden gehen

Yevrema / Present / présent / Gegenwart:
YA YE IDI / YA IDI / I (do) go / je viens / ich gehe
TI YE IDI / TI IDI / you (do) go / tu allez / du geht’s
ON YE IDI / ON IDI / he (does) go / il va / er geht
ONA YE IDI / ONA IDI / she (does) go / elle va / sie geht
ONO YE IDI / ONO IDI / it(does) go / il va (chose) / es geht
MI YE IDI / MI IDI / we (do) go / nous allons / wir gehen
VI YE IDI / VI IDI / you (do) go / vous allez / Sie gehen
ONI YE IDI / ONI IDI / they (do) go / ils vont / sie gehen

Bilvrema / Past / passé / Vergangenheit:
YA BIL IDI / YA IDIL / I did go / j'allais / ich ging
TI BIL IDI / TI IDIL / you did go / vous alliez / Sie gingen
ON BIL IDI / ON IDIL / he did go / il allait / er ging
ONA BIL IDI / ONA IDIL / she did go / elle allait / sie ging
ONO BIL IDI / ONO IDIL / it did go / il allait (chose) / es ging
MI BIL IDI / MI IDIL / we did go / nous allions / wir gingen
VI BIL IDI / VI IDIL / you did go / vous alliez / Sie gingen
ONI BIL IDI / ONI IDIL / they did go / ils allaient / sie gingen

Conditional / / :
YA BIBIL IDI / YA IDILBI / I would have gone ///
TI BIBIL IDI / TI IDILBI / you would have gone ///
ON BIBIL IDI / ON IDILBI / he would have gone ///
ONA BIBIL IDI / ONA IDILBI / she would have gone ///
ONO BIBIL IDI / ONO IDILBI / it would have gone ///
MI BIBIL IDI / MI IDILBI / we would have gone ///
VI BIBIL IDI / VI IDILBI / you would have gone ///
ONI BIBIL IDI / ONI IDILBI / they would have gone ///

Question / question / Frageform:
LI TI BU IDI? / LI TI IDIB? / will you go? / Irez-vous? / werden Sie gehen?
LI TI SAI IDI? / LI TI IDI? / do you go? / Allez-vous? / gehen Sie?
LI TI BIL IDI? / LI TI IDIL? / did you go? / Alliez-vous? / gingen Sie?

Imperative / Impérative / Befehlsform:
IDITE! (VI IDITE! TI IDITE!) / go! (you go!) / Allez! / Gehen Sie!
MI IDITE! / let’s go! (we go!) / Allons! / Gehen wir!

WORK IN PROGRESS!!
(we thank all for their constructive contributions)

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